TeamWin Recovery Project (TWRP) [Features: ]
ClockWorkMod (CWM) ROM Manager [Features: ] (Mar 2010, by Koushik Dutta)
OrangeFox Recovery Project (OFRP) (synced with TWRP) [Features: Password, MIUI OTA] (Apr 2018, for mido, inspired by RedWolf, originally called OrangeWolf in Apr 2)
PitchBlack Recovery Project (PBRP) (fork of TWRP 3.7.0) [Features: Password, MIUI OTA, Modules] (Mar 2018)
SkyHawk Recovery Project (SHRP) (synced with TWRP) [Features: Password, MIUI OTA, Cool Theme, Black/Dark/White variants, Modules] (Feb 2019)
RedWolf Recovery Project (RWRP) (synced with TWRP) [Features: Password, MIUI OTA, Red/Black Theme] (Aug 2017, for mido)
Other:
Batik Recovery Project (BRP)
Carliv Touch Recovery (CTR)
Philz Touch 6 / CWM Advanced 6 (dead)
EXT4 Recovery (old)
RootZ Wiki Recovery

Koushik Dutta made CWM ROM Manager, Universal ADB Driver
Google made Apps2SD
JesusFreke made Cyanogenmod in 2009

HTC Dream (T-Mobile G1) in 2008 had a vulnerability that allowed root access to modify stock ROMs.
JesusFreke made a custom ROM
Google issued Android RC30 update that fixed it
JesusFreke supplied his ROMs to others.
Samsung Developer Cyanogen made a custom ROM based off his, so he asked everyone to move to her ROM.
That was CM.

Backup Utilities

NANDroid Backup (Only backups system and app data)
- e.g. TWRP Backup, OFRP Backup
- NANDroid backups are dead, since the introduction of forced encryption (FBE and FDE) since Android 7.0 Nougat, and it is forced on since Android 10 and A/B Partitions for seamless updates (which too seem to be forced form Android 13).
  - Now after a factory reset, there is no way to decrypt the backup
  - FDE is the black screen with passport (My POCO M4 Pro 4G (fleur) doesn't have it by default)
  - Check for encryption
    - adb shell getprop ro.crypto.state
    - It will return encrypted or unencrypted
  - Check if the encryption is FDE or FBE
    - adb shell getprop ro.crypto.type
    - If it returns file, it's FBE. If it returns block, it's FDE.
  - Android 9 onwards, there is also Metadata encryption
  - FDE is supported only from Android 5.0 Kitkat - 9.0
- Some implementations in TWRP and OFRP can still do this in Android 13 and 14
- I saw some OFRP with support for Metadata encryption
Titanium Backup
Neo Backup
Migrate (A custom ROM migration tool)

Tools to check

PartitionBackupper NO ROOT (Nandroid alternative): https://xdaforums.com/t/tool-no-root-partitionsbackupper-nandroid-alternative.4366055/

Left-click: follow link, Right-click: select node, Scroll: zoom